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Christian feminism
Christian feminism is an aspect of feminist theology which seeks to advance and understand the equality of men and women morally, socially, spiritually, and in leadership from a Christian perspective. Christian feminists argue that contributions by women in that direction are necessary for a complete understanding of Christianity.〔Harrison, Victoria S. "Modern Women, Traditional Abrahamic Religions and Interpreting Sacred Texts." ''Feminist Theology: The Journal of the Britain & Ireland School of Feminist Theology'' 15.2 (2007):145-159.〕 Christian feminists believe that God does not discriminate on the basis of biologically-determined characteristics such as sex and race.〔McPhillips, Kathleen. "Theme: Feminisms, Religions, Cultures, Identities." ''Australian Feminist Studies'' 14.30 (1999).〕 Their major issues include the ordination of women, male dominance in Christian marriage, recognition of equal spiritual and moral abilities, reproductive rights, and the search for a feminine or gender-transcendent divine.〔Daggers, Jenny. "Working for Change in the Position of Women in the Church." ''Feminist Theology: The Journal of the Britain & Ireland School of Feminist Theology'' 26 (2001)〕〔McEwan, Dorothea. "The Future of Christian Feminist Theologies--As I Sense It: Musings on the Effects of Historiography and Space."〕〔McIntosh, Esther. "The Possibility of a Gender-Transcendent God: Taking Macmurray Forward." ''Feminist Theology: The Journal of the Britain & Ireland School of Feminist Theology'' 15 (2007): 236-255.〕〔Polinska, Wioleta. "In Woman's Image: An Iconography for God." ''Feminist Theology'' 13.1 (2004):40-61〕 Christian feminists often draw on the teachings of other religions and ideologies in addition to biblical evidence.〔Clack, Beverly. "Thealogy and Theology: Mutually Exclusive or Creatively Interdependent? ''Feminist Theology: The Journal of the Britain & Ireland School of Feminist Theology'' 21 (1999):21-38.〕
The term Christian egalitarianism is often preferred by those advocating gender equality and equity among Christians who do not wish to associate themselves with the feminist movement.〔Groothuis, Rebecca M., Ronald Pierce and Gordon Fee (eds.), (Feminism Goes to Seed )〕
== History ==
Some Christian feminists believe that the principle of egalitarianism was present in the teachings of Jesus and the early Christian movements, but this is a highly contested view. These interpretations of Christian origins have been criticized for "anachronistically projecting contemporary ideals back into the first century."〔Beavis, Mary Ann. "Christian Origins, Egalitarianism, and Utopia." ''Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion'' 23.2 (2007): 27-49〕 In the Middle Ages Julian of Norwich and Hildegard of Bingen explored the idea of a divine power with both masculine and feminine aspects.〔Bauerschmidt, Frederick Christian. "Seeing Jesus: Julian of Norwich and the Text of Christ's Body." ''Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies'' 27.2 (1997):189-214.〕〔Boyce-Tillman, June. "Hildegard of Bingen: A Woman for our Time." ''Feminist Theology'' 22 (1999):25-41.〕 Feminist works from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries addressed objections to women learning, teaching and preaching in a religious context.〔McEwan, Dorothea. "The Future of Christian Feminist Theologies--As I Sense It: Musings on the Effects of Historiography and Space." 79-92.〕 One such proto-feminist was Anne Hutchinson who was cast out of the Puritan colony of Massachusetts for teaching on the dignity and rights of women.〔Ellsberg, Robert. ''All Saints: Daily Reflections on Saints, Prophets, and Witnesses from Our Time''〕
The first wave of feminism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries included an increased interest in the place of women in religion. Women who were campaigning for their rights began to question their inferiority both within the church and in other spheres justified by church teachings.〔Capitani, Diane. "Imagining God in Our Ways: The Journals of Frances E. Willard." ''Feminist Theology: The Journal of the Britain & Ireland School of Feminist Theology'' 12.1 (2003):57-88.〕 Some Christian feminists of this period were Marie Maugeret, Katharine Bushnell, Catherine Booth, Frances Willard, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
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